Email: jbwright@snowcrest.net
December 20, 2003
Introduction.
If one refuses to accept Creation, whether by God a few thousand years
ago, or by the Big Bang a few billion years ago, or by a process of Continuous
Creation, we must accept the Universe as Eternal. If this is so, then, in that all we do observe is galaxies of
stars in the process of turning themselves in to ashes and energy, and in that
the Universe is nevertheless vibrantly alive after an eternity of burning,
there must be a process that turns the ashes and energy back into galaxies of
stars. Furthermore, this disintegration
and reintegration process must be 100 % efficient to maintain the eternal
equilibrium.
The
fireworks attending the death of the galaxies has been observed and has
occupied the attention of astronomers since recorded history. The phenomena attending their birth has also
been observed more recently but has been carefully integrated into the Big
Bang/Expanding Universe hypothesis, and has otherwise been systematically
ignored (or actively avoided). These
consist of the objects periodically ejected by Seyfert galaxies (carefully
catalogued by Dr. Halton Arp over the decades) and are the Quasars.
The
evidence supporting this sequence of events and the logic of the conclusions is
explored herein, as are possible applications here on Earth.
Death of
the Galaxy. The galaxies have been studied in great
detail but the space in which they exist has not been given a proper place in
the whole scheme of things. In her 1983
paper, “Dark Matter in Spiral Galaxies”, in the Scientific American “The
Universe of Galaxies”, Vera Rubin not only finds that this Dark Matter exists
and has a total mass that is some ten times greater than that of its host
galaxy and extends far beyond the visible portion of that galaxy, but that it’s
density decreases as its radial distance from the galactic core increases,
i.e., D = 1/R2. Implicit in
this distribution are two unmentioned aspects of that Dark Matter, 1) it is
compressible, and 2) it is self-repulsive, implying an effective electrical
charge. Thus, in response to gravity
the Dark Matter is drawn towards the galactic core causing it to become
compressed and this, in turn, causes its self-repulsion to increase until the
two forces equal each other and further compression is halted. At the galactic core the Dark Matter will be
extremely compressed while in intergalactic regions it will be quite rarified.
This model
is not unlike that of an atmosphere made up of some unknown medium, and could
be expected to behave in a manner not too different from Earth’s atmosphere,
including, specifically, the refraction of electro-magnet waves in transit
through it. This is observed in
starlight passing near the Sun. One
could also logically consider it to be the medium which supports the
propagation of such e. m. waves, i.e., an aether. Such a medium must be part of the overall phenomena of the
Universe and, as such, must have a specific function and have unique
characteristics and behavior.
Source
of the Dark Matter. From the books we determine the mass of the
visible Milky Way, and also its rate-of-conversion of mass into energy each
second, and then divide the latter by the former on the assumption that the
Dark Matter is the total of the energy mass generated by the Galaxy since its
birth. We get a rate of 2.22 x 10-22
gr/gr/sec. as the current rate-of-accretion.
It should be noted that this is the rate-of-accretion of a middle-aged
galaxy and that this rate must have been much, much, greater in the young
galaxy. In this exercise, the energy
formed in the transformation of mass, in its E = mc2 activity, is a
gravitationally responsive medium which has inertia, and which flows relatively
slowly. (The e. m. waves sweep through
this energy at 3 x 108 m/m/sec. in our vicinity.) This medium is held as an envelope by its
parent galaxy. Thus, the total mass of
the Visible Mass and the Dark Matter is substantially constant from birth to
death, however, the ratio of these masses constantly changes with time.
Going to
the Expanding Universe people we adopt their Cosmological Constant of 70
km/mega-parsec/sec. and re-write it as 2.268 x 10-18 m/m/sec., noting
that this rate-of-change could as easily be expressed as hz/hz/sec. Note, also, that the galactic Dark Matter
rate-of-increase of 2.22 x 10-22 gr/gr/sec., when seen as a change
in the medium which controls the speed of light (c), could also be expressed as
hz/hz/sec. Now, if we were able to read
the Dark Matter rates-of-increase of the many, far younger, galaxies in space
it seems probable that the average of their rates-of-change is the same as that
found by the Expanding Universe people.
Note, especially, that an increase in the density of the Dark Matter
would be substantially constant, for all practical purposes, for any given
galaxy, and that the sum of the constants of a great number of galaxies would
also be a constant.
The effect
of a constant increase in the density of the Dark Matter, i.e., of its
permeability and permittivity, would be to lower the observed frequency (Fo)
by a constant amount, with this decrease being a function of the rate-of-change
(R), and of the distance (t) traveled by that signal. This may be expressed as:
Fo = Fs e-Rt. [with Fs being the source
frequency, e being 2.71828183, R being the average rate-of-change, per second,
of all galactic space, and t being the number of seconds of travel of the
signal through the Dark Matter, from Source to Observer..]
From the
Solar System. A curious fact that has also been
systematically ignored has to do with the magnetic fields of the planets of the
Sun. This is simply that, if one
assumes that the planetary magnetic fields are electro-magnetic in origin, and
then uses their speed and direction of rotation, their size and their measured
magnetic fields, to calculate the electrical charge necessary to maintain that
field, the charges all turn out to be electrically positive. If one goes a step further and considers
that the planet is one plate of a spherical capacitor (and distant space the
other) and calculates the value of these capacitors, and then calculates the
voltage necessary to produce the calculated charges, the required voltages are
not only all highly positive but they are all of the same
magnitude! A similar calculation for
the Sun, assuming an 8 hour rate of rotation, yields an even higher positive
voltage.
It seems obvious
that the positive Sun, by way of the Solar Wind, must be the source of the
positive charges found on the planets.
(Incidentally, a Solar Corona is consistent with an extremely high
electrical potential.) From these
observations it appears that the Sun, in its nuclear activity and its
conversion of mass into energy, is consuming negative charge and that this
negativeness is, in some manner, being carried away by the energy so
generated. In turn, this negativeness
becomes the source of the self-repulsive characteristic of the Dark
Matter. It is important to note that
while the Dark Matter (or Dark Mass, or Aethereal Mass, or Energy Mass) may be
negative it is not a negative charge, per se, although it behaves precisely as
such a charge in its attraction and repulsion of charged particles, etc. However, it cannot flow into or out of a
circuit.
Arp’s
Objects. Halton Arp has described, in “Seeing Red”
and elsewhere, in great detail, the ejection of objects from Seyfert and other
massive and active galaxies. It appears
that these ejections occur periodically as equal magnitude pairs of objects traveling in opposite directions
from the parent galaxy, usually ejected from the galactic poles. Upon ejection they have extremely high
redshifts and are seen as point objects, however, as time goes by and they
travel away from their parent galaxy their redshifts become progressively less
and they begin to have a fuzzy look, until, finally, they evolve into new
galaxies with redshifts not too different than that of other galaxies in the
vicinity. Their birth redshifts appear
to be Intrinsic and not one that is a function of speed-of-recession, or of the
redshift caused by an increase in the density of the Dark Matter (as discussed
above).
The Energy
Mass should be seen as an all-pervasive fluid that not only fills
inter-galactic and inter-stellar space, but fills the space within material
masses and within the interstices of the atom.
It follows that a given atom on the Earth will contain a relatively
small amount of energy but that same kind of atom at the galactic core will
contain a far, far, more. In the second
instance the electrons can be expected to orbit more slowly, due to having to
push their way through a very dense (and negative) energy, and so can be
expected to radiate at a lower frequency than the Earth-bound atom. This would constitute an Intrinsic
Redshift. Therefore, as the ejections
from the cores of the Seyferts will be in a state of high compression we should
expect an initially high Redshift. As
this ejected object, this Quasar, travels away from its parent galaxy it is
freed from gravitational compression and so it expands, allowing its redshift
to decrease.
It is
proposed that the Seyfert, and other active galaxies, become so massive with
accrued stellar debris and energy mass that they become unstable, at which a
sudden reversal of the E = mc2 (or E = m/(me) transformation occurs and material mass is suddenly created from energy mass,
presumably hydrogen and helium. Thus we
have the complete Cosmic Cycle, one that is the sum of an infinite number of
mini-cycles throughout the infinity of the Existence in which we find
ourselves.
Earth
Immersed in Energy. If man is bathed in energy it should be
possible to detect that energy, and even make direct use of it. Instances of its detection are:
1)
Electro-magnetic
Radiation. Such a wave constitutes a
more and less negative discontinuity moving through the negative energy medium
and can be expected to generate a transverse motion in the
underlying energy.
2)
A
Capacitor. The positive/negative plates
of a capacitor will cause a density increase/decrease in the negative energy
medium adjacent to the plates, thus creating an energy-density warp which is
the essence of the charge on the capacitor.
This warp contains potentially useful energy.
3)
The
Inductor. When a current flows through
the wires of a coil the negative electron flow causes the negative energy to
flow through the coil in a South to North direction, just as the coils magnetic
field is pictured. As this is a pumping
action, a energy low-density space develops at the South end of the coil and a
high-density space develops at the North end.
Again, an energy-density warp.
This warp, too, contains potentially useful energy.
4)
The Permanent
Magnet. Here the atoms of an
appropriate material have been forced
into alignment so as to cause their fields to add. Using the “warp” concept, as noted above, note the effect of
bringing the warps from two magnets towards each other. The high/low density ends are drawn together
and the two highs and two lows repel.
5)
The
Permanent Magnet Motor. Man uses
permanent magnets in motors to induce rotation. The magnets, when properly constructed, do
not weaken despite years of hard use.
6)