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ERIC Digest
Integrating Children with Disabilities
into
Preschool
Karen E. Diamond, Linda L. Hestenes,
and
Caryn O'Connor
EDO-PS-94-10June 1994
Appropriateness for Children with Disabilities
An assumption in some early childhood special education programs is that children's disabilities prevent them from taking advantage of the experiences that promote typical child development. Recent research suggests that this assumption may not be valid. Lamorey and Bricker, for example, in a study of integrated programs (Peck et al., 1993, p.249-270), found that children with disabilities enrolled in integrated early childhood programs demonstrated higher levels of social play and more appropriate social interactions, and were more likely to initiate interactions with peers than children in self-contained special education preschool classes. Children with disabilities in integrated classes make gains in language, cognitive, and motor development that are comparable to peers in self-contained special education classrooms (Fewell & Oelwein, 1990).Children with disabilities also display more advanced play in inclusive settings than they do in self-contained classrooms. However, Odom and Brown, in a discussion of social interaction skills interventions (Peck et al., 1993, p.39-64), note that even in inclusive settings, young children with disabilities are more likely to engage in noninteractive play, are less likely to participate in play groups, and are chosen as playmates less frequently than are their peers without disabilities.
Some research suggests that it is the type of learning experiences that are provided rather than the type of classroom setting (integrated or segregated) that is critical in fostering children's development. Mahoney and his colleagues (Mahoney & Powell, 1988; Mahoney et al., 1992) found that children with disabilities were more likely to initiate play activities and communications with their peers in settings where the adults displayed responsive and child-oriented teaching styles than in classes where adults used directed and instructionally oriented styles. Results of another study indicated that child-directed teaching strategies resulted in greater gains in communication skills for children with severe disabilities than did direct instruction (Yoder et al., 1991). The teaching practices described in these studies are compatible with developmentally appropriate teaching practices common in regular early childhood education programs.
Integrated Programs and Children Without Disabilities
The results of several studies suggest that children without disabilities benefit from integrated classes that also address the needs of children with disabilities. Normally developing children enrolled in integrated programs make developmental gains at least equivalent to those made by their peers in nonintegrated programs (Odom & McEvoy, 1988).Parents and teachers believe that integrated programs offer additional benefits for children without disabilities. Parents have reported that normally developing children enrolled in integrated settings displayed less prejudice and fewer stereotypes, and were more responsive and helpful to others, than were children in other settings (Peck et al., 1992). Teachers have reported that children without disabilities became increasingly aware of the needs of others when they were enrolled in a class including a child with a severe disability (Giangreco et al., 1993). While these findings are not based on direct observations but on teachers' and parents' perceptions, they emphasize the potential social benefits of integration for children without disabilities.
Administrative Structure of Integrated Programs
Administrative characteristics of successfully integrated programs, according to Peck, Furman, and Helmstetter as reported in Peck et al. (1993, p.187-205), are based on a philosophy that emphasizes the acceptance of diversity and that places value on the program's role in and participation in its community. The implementation of specialized interventions within naturally occurring situations without disrupting the curriculum and educational routines of the early childhood classroom was also an important factor in ensuring the success of an integrated program.Peck, Furman, and Helmstetter found that the progress made by individual children in meeting developmental goals was not a critical factor in determining whether or not a program remained integrated. Rather, the major reasons integrated childhood programs did not survive (that is, became resegregated) were related to the struggles between professionals over issues such as management of time during the school day, types of classroom activities, and intervention strategies. In other studies, teachers emphasized the need for goals shared with special education and support personnel (Giangreco et al., 1993; Rose & Smith, 1993).
Naturalistic Teaching Strategies
In addition to good administration, appropriate teaching strategies are an important component of a successfully integrated early childhood program. Recent research suggests that naturalistic teaching strategies provide an approach for implementing intervention within regular classroom routines (Bricker & Cripe, 1992). In naturalistic approaches, intervention is provided within the context of naturally occurring activities in the child's environment. Activity-based Intervention is one such approach. (Although not discussed here, milieu language teaching and transactional intervention are other such approaches.) Naturalistic intervention strategies reflect practices grounded in theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Dewey, and complement the developmentally appropriate practice model used in early childhood classrooms. Naturalistic intervention illustrates the principle of nonintrusive individual instruction as applied in an integrated preschool classroom. The goal of activity-based intervention is to develop functional and generalizable skills. Functional skills are those that allow children to negotiate through their environments in ways that are satisfying and encourage independence, such as learning to request juice at snack time. Generalizable skills are those that can be practiced and used in many different settings (Bricker & Cripe, 1992).In activity-based intervention strategies, teachers consider how children's goals can be included in each classroom activity. An activity such as snack time provides opportunities for working on eating independently (a self-help goal), pouring juice (a fine motor goal), and requesting a food item (a communication goal). Teachers are responsible for preparing an environment that is stimulating for all children, not just those without disabilities. Regular and ongoing evaluation of each child's progress in meeting individual goals is also a critical component of activity-based intervention and other naturalistic approaches.
Implications of Integrated Programs
Knowledge about the ways in which integrated programs can meet the needs of children and parents for high-quality early childhood education has grown significantly in the past 10 years. The active involvement of parents, regular and special education teachers, and administrators is now viewed as crucial in developing successful integrated preschool programs. Most regular education preschool teachers believe they are able to meet the needs of children with disabilities in their classes when intervention is supportive of their expertise and respects the educational approaches of the regular classroom.New teaching strategies are being developed that meet the individualized needs of children with disabilities in inclusive classes. Researchers, parents, and practitioners are beginning to understand that participation in an inclusive preschool classroom influences nondisabled children's understanding of disabilities and sensitivity to their peers. The task now before the early childhood community is to find the best ways to provide education that is respectful of the talents and needs of individual children, parents, and teachers.
(Adapted from: Diamond, Karen E., Linda L. Hestenes, and Caryn E. O'Connor. (1994). Integrating Young Children with Disabilities in Preschool: Problems and Promise. Young Children 2, Jan): 68-75. PS 521 662.)
For More Information
Bricker, D.D. and J.J. Cripe. (1992). An Activity-based Approach to Early Intervention. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.Fewell, R.R. and P.L. Oelwein. (1990). The Relationship between Time in Integrated Environments and Developmental Gains in Young Children with Special Needs. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 10(2, Summer): 104-116. EJ 413 316.
Giangreco, M., R. Dennis, C. Coninger, S. Edelman, and R. Schattman. (1993). "I've Counted Jon": Transformational Experiences of Teachers Educating Students with Disabilities. Exceptional Children 59(4, Feb): 359-372. EJ 459 583.
Mahoney, G. and A. Powell. (1988) Modifying Parent-Child Interaction: Enhancing the Development of Handicapped Children. Journal of Special Education 22(1, Spring): 82-96.EJ 373 542.
Mahoney, G., C. Robinson, and A. Powell. (1992). Focusing on Parent-Child Interaction: The Bridge to Developmentally Appropriate Practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 12(1, Spring): 105-120. EJ 449 978.
Odom, S.L. and M. McEvoy. (1988). Integration of Young Children with Handicaps and Normally Developing Children. In S. Odom and M. Karnes, Eds. Early Intervention for Infants and Children with Handicaps: an Empirical Base. 241-248. Baltimore: Brookes.
Peck, C.A., P. Carlson, and E. Helmstetter. (1992). Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Outcomes for Typically Developing Children Enrolled in Integrated Early Childhood Programs: A Statewide Study. Journal of Early Intervention 16(1, Winter ):53-63. EJ 445 822.
Peck, C.A., S.L. Odom, and D.D. Bricker. (Eds.). (1993). Integrating Young Children with Disabilities into Community Programs. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. ED 352 773. Not available from EDRS.
Rose, D.F. and B.J. Smith. (1993). Preschool Mainstreaming: Attitude Barriers and Strategies for Addressing Them. Young Children 48(4, May): 59-62. EJ 463 003.
Salisbury, C.L. (1991). Mainstreaming during the Early Childhood Years. Exceptional Children 58(2,Oct-Nov): 146-155. EJ 437 653.
Yoder, P.J., A.P. Kaiser, and C.L. Alpert. (1991). An Exploratory Study of the Interaction between Language Teaching Methods and Child Characteristics. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 34(Feb): 155-167. EJ 427 098.
This publication was prepared with funding from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, under OERI contract no. DERR93002007. The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of OERI or the Department of Education. ERIC digest are in the public domain and may be freely reproduced and disseminated.
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