References
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Alpers, M., Gerding, M., Hoffner, J. and von Zahn, U. (2000). NLC particle properties from a five-color lidar observation at 54 degrees N. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105(D10). 12235-12240.
Bacmeister, J.T., Eckermann, S.D., Tsias, A., Carslaw, K.S. and Peter, T. (1999). Mesoscale temperature fluctuations induced by a spectrum of gravity waves: A comparison of parameterizations and their impact on stratospheric microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56(12). 1913-1924.
Blix, T.A. (1999). The importance of charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere in connection with Noctilucent Clouds and polar mesosphere summer echoes. Antarctic and Arctic Middle Atmospheres: Their Differences and Similarities, 24. 1645-1654.
Carbary, J.F., Morrison, D. and Romick, G.J. (2000). Transpolar structure of polar mesospheric clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105(D20). 24763-24769.
Carbary, J.F., Morrison, D. and Romick, G.J. (2001). Hemispheric comparison of PMC altitudes. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(4). 725-728.
Carbary, J.F., Morrison, D. and Romick, G.J. (2001). Latitude variations in light scattered from polar mesospheric clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(13). 2605-2608.
Carbary, J.F., Morrison, D., Romick, G.J., Paxton, L.J. and Meng, C.I. (2001). Middle ultraviolet imager observations of the distribution of polar mesospheric clouds. Middle Atmosphere Temporal and Spatial Structures, 27. 1703-1708.
Carbary, J.F., Romick, G.J., Morrison, D., Paxton, L.J. and Meng, C.I. (1999). Altitudes of polar mesospheric clouds observed by a middle ultraviolet imager. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 104(A5). 10089-10100.
Chilson, P.B., Czechowsky, P. Klostermeyer, J., Ruster, R. and Schmidt, G. (1997). An investigation of measured temperature profiles and VHF mesosphere summer echoes at midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 102(D20). 23819-23828.
Chilson, P.B., Kirkwood, S. and Haggstrom, I. (2001). Frequency domain interferometry mode observations of PMSE using tbe EISCAT VHF radar. Annales Geophysicae-Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, 18(12). 1599-1612.
Chilson, P.B., Yu, T.Y., Palmer, R.D. and Kirkwood, S. (2002). Aspect sensitivity measurements of polar mesosphere summer echoes using coherent radar imaging. Annales Geophysicae, 20(2). 213-223.
Chu, X.Z., Gardner, C.S. and Papen, G. (2001). Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Diurnal variations. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(10). 1937-1940.
Chu, X.Z., Gardner, C.S. and Papen, G. (2001). Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Seasonal variations. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(7). 1203-1206.
Ciobanu, C.V., Ojamae, L., Shavitt, I. and Singer, S.J. (2000). Structure and vibrational spectra of H+(H2O)(8): Is the excess proton in a symmetrical hydrogen bond? Journal of Chemical Physics, 113(13). 5321-5330.
Croskey, C.L., Mitchell, J.D., Friedrich, M., Torkar, K.M. and Goldberg, R.A. (2001). Charged particle measurements in the polar summer mesosphere obtained by the DROPPS sounding rockets. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1047-1052.
Eckermann, S.D., Gibson-Wilde, D.E. and Bacmeister, J.T. (1998). Gravity wave perturbations of minor constituents: A parcel advection methodology. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55(24). 3521-3539.
Eidhammer, T. and Havnes, O. (2001). Size dependence of the mesospheric dust temperature and its influence on the noctilucent clouds and polar mesosphere summer echo phenomena. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 106(A11). 24831-24841.
Gadsden, M. (1997). The secular changes in noctilucent cloud occurrence: study of a 31-year sequence to clarify the causes. Advances in Space Research, 20. 2097-2100.
Gadsden, M. (1998). Noctilucent clouds seen at 60 degrees N: origin and development. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60(18), 1763-1772.
Gadsden, M. (1998). The North-West Europe data on noctilucent clouds: a survey. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60(12), 1163-1174.
Gadsden, M. (2001). Polar mesospheric clouds: The year-to-year changes shown in 17 years of images from both hemispheres. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1083-1088.
Gadsden, M. (2001). Structure of polar mesospheric clouds seen from a geostationary satellite. Middle Atmosphere Temporal and Spatial Structures, 27. 1697-1702.
Gadsden, M. and Schroder, W. (1989). Noctilucent Clouds. Springer-Verlag. 165pp.
Gadsden, M. and Taylor, M.J. (1994). Anweisungen fur die Photographischen Aufnahmen der Leuchtenden Nachtwolken - 103 years on. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 56. 447-459.
Gerrard, A. J., Kane, T.J. and Thayer, J.P. (1998). Noctilucent clouds and wave dynamics: Observations at Sondrestrom, Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(15). 2817-2820.
Goldberg, R.A., Pfaff, R.F., Holzworth, R.H., Schmidlin, F.J., Voss, H.D., Tuzzolino, A.J., Croskey, C.L., Mitchell, J.D., Friedrich, M., Murtagh, D., Witt, G., Gumbel, J., von Zahn, U., Singer, W. and Hoppe, U.P. (2001). DROPPS: A study of the polar summer mesosphere with rocket, radar and lidar. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8). 1407-1410.
Goldberg, R.A., Pfaff, R.F., Holzworth, R.H., Schmidlin, F.J., Voss, H.D., Tuzzolino, A.J., Croskey, C.L., Mitchell, J.D., Friedrich, M., Murtaugh, D., Witt, G., Gumbel, J., von Zahn, U., Singer, W. and Hoppe, U.P. (2001). The DROPPS program to study the polar summer mesosphere. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28(7). 1037-1046.
Gumbel, J., Murtagh, D.P., Espy, P.J., Witt, G. and Schmidlin, F.J. (1998). Odd oxygen measurements during the Noctilucent Cloud 93 rocket campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 103(A10). 23399-23414.
Gumbel, J., Stegman, J., Murtagh, D.P. and Witt, G. (2001). Scattering phase functions and particle sizes in noctilucent clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8). 1415-1418.
Gumbel, J. and G. Witt (2001). Rocket-borne photometry of NLC particle populations. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1053-1058.
Havnes, O., Aslaksen, T. and Brattli, A. (2001). Charged dust in the Earth's middle atmosphere. Physica Scripta, T89. 133-137.
Havnes, O., Aslaksen, T. and Brattli, A. (2001). First common volume observations of layered plasma structures and polar mesospheric summer echoes by rocket and radar. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8). 1419-1422.
Hecht, J.H., Fricke-Begemann, C., Walterscheid, R.L. and Hoffner, J. (2000). Observations of the breakdown of an atmospheric gravity wave near the cold summer mesopause at 54N. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(6). 879-882.
Hill, R.J., Gibson-Wilde, D.E., Werne, J.A. and Fritts, D.C. (1999). Turbulence-induced fluctuations in ionization and application to PMSE. Earth Planets and Space, 51(7-8). 499-513.
Hoffmann, P., Singer, W. and Bremer, J. (1999). Mean seasonal and diurnal variations of PMSE and winds from 4 years of radar observations at ALOMAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11). 1525-1528.
Holzworth, R.H., Pfaff, R.F., Goldberg, R.A., Bounds, S.R., Schmidlin, F.J., Voss, H.D., Tuzzolino, A.J., Croskey, C.L., Mitchell, J.D., von Cossart, G., Singer, W., Hoppe, U.P., Murtagh, D., Witt, G., Gumbel, J. and Friedrich, M. (2001). Large electric potential perturbations in PMSE during DROPPS. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8). 1435-1438.
Horanyi, M., Robertson, S., Smiley, B., Gumbel, J., Witt, G. and Walch, B. (2000). Rocket-borne mesospheric measurement of heavy (m >> 10 amu) charge carriers. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(23). 3825-3828.
Ivanov, A.V., Kamenev, A.A. and Starichenkova, V.D. (2001). Scattering of UV and visible solar radiation in the atmosphere at dry and hydrated aerosol particles with various origins for various altitudes in the mesopause. Journal of Optical Technology, 68(11). 795-800.
Ivanov, A.V., Kamenev, A.A., Starichenkova, V.D. and Timakova, L.D. (2001). Study of the radiation of equatorial noctilucent clouds in the mid-UV spectral region. Journal of Optical Technology, 68(2). 93-97.
Kalashnikova, O., Horanyi, M., Thomas, G.E. and Toon, O.B. (2000). Meteoric smoke production in the atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(20). 3293-3296.
Kaleri, A. Y. (2000). Observations of small-sized noctilucent clouds from the Mir orbital space station in 1996-1997. Journal of Optical Technology, 67(5). 426-430.
Kaleri, A. Y. and Lazarev, A.I. (1999). New observations of noctilucent clouds from the Mir orbital station. Journal of Optical Technology, 66(4). 300-305.
Kaleri, A. Y. and Lazarev, A.I. (1999). Recording the results of observations of noctilucent clouds carried out by A. Yu. Kaleri on the Mir orbital station from December 20, 1996 to January 16, 1997. Journal of Optical Technology, 66(8). 768-768.
Kirkwood, S., Cho, J., Hall, C.M., Hoppe, U, -P., Murtagh, D.P., Stegman, J., Swartz, W.E., van Eyken, A.P., Wannberg, G. and Witt, G. (1995). A comparison of PSME and other ground-based observations during the NLC-91 campaign. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 57. 35-44.
Kirkwood, S., Barabash, V., Chilson, P., Rechou, A., Stebel, K., Espy, P., Witt, G. and Stegman, J.(1998). The 1997 PMSE season - its relation to wind, temperature and water vapour. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(11). 1867-1870.
Kirkwood, S. and Rechou, A. (1998). Planetary-wave modulation of PMSE. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(24). 4509-4512.
Klostermeyer, J. (1998). A simple model of the ice particle size distribution in noctilucent clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103(D22). 28743-28752.
Klostermeyer, J. (1999). Comparison between observed and computed polar mesosphere summer echoes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 104(D10). 11883-11890.
Klostermeyer, J. (2001). Effect of tidal variability on the mean diurnal variation of noctilucent clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106(D9). 9749-9755.
Klumov, B.A., Popel, S.I. and Bingham, R. (2000). Dust particle charging and formation of dust structures in the upper atmosphere. Journal of European Terrestrial Physics Letters, 72(7). 364-368.
Korner, U. and Sonnemann, G.R. (2001). Global three-dimensional modeling of the water vapor concentration of the mesosphere-mesopause region and implications with respect to the noctilucent cloud region. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106(D9). 9639-9651.
Latteck, R. and Singer, W. (2001). Multi-beam radar observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes during the MIDAS/DROPPS/MINIDUSTY campaign at Andenes, Norway in July 1999. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1065-1070.
Latteck, R., Singer, W. and Hoffner, J. (1999). Mesosphere Summer Echoes as Observed by VHF Radar at Kuhlungsborn (54 degrees N). Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11). 1533-1536.
Lazarev, A.I. (1997). Noctilucent clouds observed from space. Journal of Optical Technology, 64(10). 907-916.
Lazarev, A.I. (1998). Noctilucent clouds and space. Journal of Optical Technology, 65(2). 177-178.
Lazarev, A.I. (1999). Noctilucent clouds on Mars. Journal of Optical Technology, 66(4). 313-316.
Lazarev, A.I. (1999). Noctiluminescent clouds on Venus. Journal of Optical Technology, 66(7). 642-644.
Lazarev, A.I. (1999). Recording high clouds from the Polar satellite. Journal of Optical Technology, 66(10). 925-926.
Lazarev, A.I. (2000). Atmospheric optical phenomena on Venus. Journal of Optical Technology, 67(5). 431-435.
Lazarev, A.I. (2000). Optical investigations from the Voskhod-2 and Soyuz-19 spacecraft. Journal of Optical Technology, 67(5). 405-414.
Lazarev, A.I. (2001). Seasonal dependence of the temperature of the mesopause. Journal of Optical Technology, 68(2). 116-120.
Lazarev, A.I. (2001). Traces of the snowy cores of minicomets in the atmospheres and on the surfaces of planets. Journal of Optical Technology, 68(2). 114-115.
Lazarev, A.I. and Avakyan, S.V. (2001). Optical studies from the Salyut-7 orbital station and the Mir orbital complex. Journal of Optical Technology, 68(2). 148-160.
Lubken, F.J. (1999). Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 104(D8). 9135-9149.
Lubken, F.J. (2001). No long term change of the thermal structure in the mesosphere at high latitudes during summer. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 947-953.
Lubken, F.J. and Rapp, M. (2001). Modelling of particle charging in the polar summer mesosphere: Part 2 - Application to measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63(8). 771-780.
Mitchell, J.D. and Croskey, C.L. (2001). Electrical structure of noctilucent cloud and polar mesosphere summer echo regions. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1027-1036.
Murphy, D.J. and Vincent, R.A. (2000). Amplitude enhancements in Antarctic MF radar echoes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105(D21). 26683-26693.
Nikolaev, Y.A. and Fomin, P.A. (1997). The nature of noctilucent clouds and the Earth's ozone layer. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 33(4). 393-402.
Olivero, J.J. and Thomas, G.E. (2001). Evidence for changes in greenhouse gases in the mesosphere. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 931-936.
Palmer, J.R., Rishbeth, H. Jones, G.O.L. and Williams, P.J.S. (1996). A statistical study of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed by EISCAT. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 58. 307-315.
Plane, J.M.C. (2000). The role of sodium bicarbonate in the nucleation of noctilucent clouds.Annales Geophysicae-Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, 18(7). 807-814.
Rapp, M. (2000). Capture rates of electrons and positive ions by mesospheric aerosol particles. Journal of Aerosol Science, 31(11). 1367-1369.
Rapp, M. and Lubken, F.J. (1999). Modelling of positively charged aerosols in the polar summer mesopause region. Earth Planets and Space, 51(7-8). 799-807.
Rapp, M. and Lubken, F.J. (2001). Modelling of particle charging in the polar summer mesosphere: Part 1 - General results. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63(8). 759-770.
Rees, D., von Zahn, U., von Cossart, G., Fricke, K.H., Eriksen, W. and McKay, J.A. (2000). Daytime lidar measurements of the stratosphere and mesosphere at the ALOMAR Observatory. Advances in Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere from Space and from the Ground, 26. 893-902.
Reid, G.C. (1997). The nucleation and growth of ice particles in the upper mesosphere. Advances in Space Research, 20. 1285-1291.
Reid, G.C. (1997). The nucleation and growth of ice particles in the upper mesosphere. Coupling and Energetics in the Stratosphere-Mesosphere- Thermosphere-Ionosphere System, 20. 1285-1291.
Reid, G.C. (1997). On the influence of electrostatic charging on coagulation of dust and ice particles in the upper mesosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(9). 1095-1098.
Rietmeijer, F.J.M. (2001). Identification of Fe-rich meteoric dust. Planetary and Space Science, 49(1). 71-77.
Schroder, W. (1999). Were noctilucent clouds caused by the Krakatoa eruption? A case study of the research problems before 1885. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80(10). 2081-2085.
Schroder, W. (2001). Otto Jesse and the investigation of noctilucent clouds 115 years ago. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82(11). 2457-2468.
Schroder, W. and Rendtel, J. (1998). Height determination of noctilucent clouds - 100 years. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(2). 324-329.
Seele, C. and Hartogh, P. (1999). Water vapor of the polar middle atmosphere: Annual variation and summer mesosphere conditions as observed by ground-based microwave spectroscopy. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11). 1517-1520.
Semenov, A.I., Sudhodoev, V.A. and Shefov, N.N. (2002). A model of the vertical temperature distribution in the atmosphere at altitudes of 80-100 km that taking into account the solar activity and the long-term trend. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 42(2). 239-244.
Shukla, P.K. (2001). A survey of dusty plasma physics. Physics of Plasmas, 8(5). 1791-1803.
Stebel, K., Barabash, V., Kirkwood, S., Siebert, J. and Fricke, K.H. (2000). Polar mesosphere summer echoes and noctilucent clouds: Simultaneous and common-volume observations by radar, lidar and CCD camera. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(5). 661-664.
Sternovsky, Z., Horanyi, M. and Robertson, S. (2001). Collision cross sections of small water clusters. Physical Review A, 6402(2). art. no.-023203.
Stevens, M.H., Conway, R.R., Englert, C.R., Summers, M.E., Grossmann, K.U. and Gusev, O.A. (2001). PMCs and the water frost point in the Arctic summer mesosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(23). 4449-4452.
Strelkov, G.M. (1996). Active sensing of water vapour within the mesopause at millimetric and submillimetric wavelengths. Earth Observation and Remote Sensing, 14(2). 169-177.
Summers, M.E., Conway, R.R., Englert, C.R., Siskind, D.E., Stevens, M.H., Russell, J.M., Gordley, L.L. and McHugh, M.J. (2001). Discovery of a water vapor layer in the Arctic summer mesosphere: Implications for polar mesospheric clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(18). 3601-3604.
Svanberg, M. and Pettersson, J.B.C. (1998). Structure and thermodynamics of H+(H2O)(n) (n = 9, 21, 40) clusters between 0 and 300 K. A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Physical Chemistry, A 102(10). 1865-1872.
Taylor, M.J., Hapgood, M.A. and Simmons, D.A.R. (1984). The effect of atmospheric screening on the visible border of noctilucent clouds. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 46. 363-372.
Thayer, J.P., Nielsen, N.B., Warren, R.E., Heinselman, C.J. and Sohn, J. (1997). Rayleigh lidar system for middle atmosphere research in the arctic. Optical Engineering, 36(7). 2045-2061.
Thomas, G.E. (1996). Global change in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere region: has it already arrived? Journal of Atmopsheric and Terrestrial Physics, 58. 1629-1656.
Thomas, G.E. and Olivero, J. (2001). Noctilucent clouds as possible indicators of global change in the mesosphere. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 937-946.
von Cossart, G., Fiedler, J. and von Zahn, U. (1999). Size distributions of NLC particles as determined from 3-color observations of NLC by ground-based lidar. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11). 1513-1516.
von Zahn, U. and Bremer, J. (1999). Simultaneous and common-volume observations of noctilucent clouds and polar mesosphere summer echoes. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11). 1521-1524.
von Zahn, U., von Cossart, G., Fiedler, J., Fricke, K.H., Nelke, G., Baumgarten, G., Rees, D., Hauchecorne, A. and Adolfsen, K. (2000). The ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar: objectives, configuration, and performance. Annales Geophysicae-Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, 18(7). 815-833.
von Zahn, U., von Cossart, G., Fiedler, J. and Rees, D. (1998). Tidal variations of noctilucent clouds measured at 69 degrees N latitude by groundbased lidar. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(9). 1289-1292.
von Cossart, G., Fiedler, J., vonZahn, U., Hansen, G. and Hoppe, U.P. (1997). Noctilucent clouds: One- and two-color lidar observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(13). 1635-1638.
Vostrikov, A.A., Zadorozhny, A.M., Dubov, D.Y., Witt, G., Kazakova, I.V., Bragin, O.A., Kazakov, V.G., Kikhtenko, V.N. and Tyutin, A.A. (1997). Ionization of water clusters by collision with surface. Zeitschrift Fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules and Clusters, 40(1-4). 542-545.
Witt, G. (1962). Height, structure and displacement of noctilucent clouds. Tellus, 14. 1-18.
Woodman, R.F., Balsley, B.B., Aquino, F., Flores, L., Vazquez, E., Sarango, M., Huaman, M.M. and Soldi, H. (1999). First observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes in Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, 104(A10). 22577-22590.
Zadorozhny, A. M. (2000). On the role of charged dust in mesospheric electric fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(4). 493-496.
Zadorozhny, A. M. (2001). Effects of charged dust on mesospheric electrical structure. Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols and Dust, 28. 1059-1064.
Zadorozhny, A.M., Vostrikov, A.A., Witt, G., Bragin, O.A., Dubov, D.Y., Kazakov, V.G., Kikhtenko, V.N. and Tyutin, A.A. (1997). Laboratory and in situ evidence for the presence of ice particles in a PMSE region. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(8). 841-844.
Zecha, M., Rottger, J., Singer, W., Hoffmann, P. and Keuer, D. (2001). Scattering properties of PMSE irregularities and refinement of velocity estimates. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63(2-3). 201-214.
A brief note on the references
The +100 references above are by no means a comprehensive list. The list will be expanded as time passes to provide a definitive resource of NLC journal articles and literature references.
Two books which should be purchased by the interested observer are Observing Noctilucent Clouds by Gadsden and Parviainen and Noctilucent Clouds by Gadsden and Schroder. These are the bibles of NLC observers and are both excellent reads. Noctilucent Clouds is currently out of print but Observing Noctilucent Clouds can be purchased directly from Dr M. Gadsden. If you want to purchase this book I have the necessary details. Please contact me directly and I will supply you with them.
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