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Thursday April 25th 1461 The Westminster Chronicle Issue 23

Editor: Master William Caxton of the Worshipful Company of the Merchant Venturers

Address: Westminster, at the Sign of the Red Lion

 

The Queen Returns!

King and Queen reunited at Windsor!

Just a few hours ago, the King and Queen of England were tearfully reunited at Windsor amidst joyful celebrations. Escorted by the Prince of Wales, the earls of Pembroke, Kendal, Shrewsbury, Viscount Beaumont and a thousand men-at-arms, her Grace rode from Oxford, crossing the Thames at Maidenhead, to be met by the Duke of Norfolk and formally greeted by the Duke of Buckingham before seeing her husband for the first time in over a year.

Upon meeting, his Grace wept with joy, embracing the Queen with both arms and kissing her profusely. She likewise gave token of her delight in returning to his side. Both then addressed the assembly, expressing their hope that their reunion would prove a good omen for the reunification of the realm. Amidst hymns sung by the choir of St. George’s Chapel, under the direction of the Dean of Windsor, the couple led the company within for prayers and an informal banquet in celebration. [Court & Social p.4]

Queen Margaret has been absent for over a year since departing to visit relatives in France after the Battle of Melton Mowbray. Since then, she has toured Europe, visiting Rome, Paris and Milan, speaking with the Pope, King Charles VII of France (her uncle), her father Duke René of Anjou and Duke Francesco of Milan as well as travelling for a while with the Earl of Worcester, returning from crusade to the Holy Land.

She is understood to have had many adventures, falling foul of Genoese soldiery and Prince Edward narrowly surviving an attempt on his life in Marseille. It is believed the Prince will be submitting an illustrated manuscript entitled ‘Where I Went for My Holidays’ to his tutor, Lorenzo di Gigli, who has promised to publish it, with the permission of their Graces, if it should pass his strict scrutiny for grammar.

It is understood that a formal celebration is planned for the next few days starting with a ceremonial banquet in Windsor and continuing with a triumphal entry into London and further festivities. In answer to questions regarding the cost of the Windsor celebrations, the Duke of Buckingham replied, “That's nothing. You should see what I'm planning for the Royal couple's re-entry into London.”

 

 

Battle at Rhuddlan

Her Grace the Queen did not have an easy ride to Windsor. A large force under the Earl of Rutland and Lord Grey de Powys attempted to prevent her entry into England from North Wales but the Earl of Pembroke won a resounding victory at Rhuddlan and the Earl of Rutland is now in custody. The whereabouts of Lord Grey de Powys are unknown but he is believed to be severely wounded. Sir Roger Vaughan of Tretower is also undergoing emergency medical treatment in the Dominican friary at Rhuddlan. Lesser casualties are reported as being in the thousands but mostly only Welsh.

 

 

West Country Affairs

"I'll ‘LeicesterGloucester!" - An irate Earl of Warwick has angrily rejected calls for his surrender of Gloucester Castle with a threat to raze the city of Gloucester. Readers will recall that Warwick, along with the Earl of Essex, has been besieged in the castle by the Earl of Shrewsbury since abandoning his army in the West Country. On hearing of the Duke of York's death at Leicester, Warwick is reported to have said "I would never have allowed myself to get into such a position!" and responding to His Grace of Shrewsbury's call to surrender to the King's Peace Warwick stormed; "I'll reduce this city to ashes before I give myself over to that half-wit!" It is unclear exactly to whom the Earl was referring.

Tension is said to be high within the castle as Warwick has frequently turned his notoriously bad temper and breath upon a hapless Earl of Essex, blaming him for their situation. An increasingly desperate Warwick is said to have devised a scheme to send twelve incendiarists through the castle garderobes to start diversionary fires in Gloucester thus allowing his escape, however, volunteers for such a mission were few and the so-called "Dirty Dozen" was soon reduced to a "Slightly Grubby One" who was captured soon after his emergence. Piers Allman

 

 

Stop Press - Scots Take Roxburgh!

King James of Scotland claims Roxburgh has capitulated!

 

 

Business News

The Treasury announced April 16th 1461 that Lord Treasurer Henry Bourchier Earl of Essex, with the endorsement of the Privy Council led by Lord President Humphrey Stafford Duke of Buckingham, has negotiated a groundbreaking deal with the Merchants of London, whose steadfast support in the past thirty years has left the Crown deeply in their debt.

This unique and unprecedented deal has been achieved by the Lord Treasurer working in close partnership with the City of London and in particular Mayor Richard Lee, without whom it would not have been possible. The Lord Treasurer today commented on his relationship with the City:

“The City is of course the most important financial power in the kingdom today. Where would we be without it? I, on behalf of the King, thank the City both for its past financial support and for its understanding and generous approach to the repayment of this support. In particular, I would like to thank Mayor Lee, whose diligence and dedication was instrumental to the success of negotiations. We look forward to working together in future and furthering the already close relationship between the Crown and the City, helping make London the European centre of trade and finance.”

News of the deal broke as the Privy Council were considering how to deal with the recent Scottish incursions into the realm. It is understood that the Privy Council considers the firm financial footing of the Crown to be a prerequisite to Good Governance and the repulsion of the Scottish threat. It is also understood that the money returned to the City under the terms of the deal brokered today will better enable the merchants of London to compete in the modern-day financial and trade markets of Europe. (Wynken le Worde, Press Officer.)

Mayor Lee commented, “Cor, luv a duck! An’ it’s not even Christmas! Vat’s free grand dahn, only anuver seveny-six fahsand, ate ‘undred an firty-free pahn six shillin’ an’ atepence ter go.”

 

Due to a long-term fall in Royal income, the Privy Council is to reappraise the charters of all borough save Bristol, Gloucester, London, Leicester and towns north of the Trent.

 

 

The Privy Council

The Privy Council continues to meet on an almost daily basis with the following attendees: The dukes of Buckingham (President) and Norfolk (Earl Marshal); earls of Oxford (Great Chamberlain), Arundel (Chamberlain of Chester) and Wiltshire; bishops Neville of Exeter (Chancellor), Lowe of Rochester, Waynefleet of Winchester and Kemp of London; lords Bolebec, Grey de Wilton, Lovel, Delaware, Zouche, Bohun, Sudeley, Stourton and Egremont; Sir Christopher Talbot and Archdeacon Booth of Richmond (Privy Seal).

Urgent issues of the moment include the quieting of military disruption across the country, the refocusing of military attention on the Scots invasion and a reappraisal of Crown finances.

The latter issue is at the root of two sets of writs issued this week. The first instruct all sheriffs to search out infringements of Crown rights and privileges. The second calls all borough charters in for reappraisal.

This last is usually an excuse to increase the fines paid by each town in return for the liberties enshrined in its charter. Sources close to the Privy Council were unable to confirm if this is intended as an alternative to the recently aborted tax reassessment by Lord Treasurer Essex.

To show it is in earnest regarding the many troops raised in the recent troubles. The Privy Council has officially warned transgressors and directs all sheriffs and other officials responsible for enforcing the King’s Peace that all who maintain forces in excess of the maxima stipulated two weeks ago will be fined £5 a day if they continue to defy the King’s writ. Several lords are known to be in defiance of this order but most appear to be toeing the line and no firm action has been taken, as yet.

 

 

Church News

Churches across Wales, the Midlands and the Southeast connected with the Duke of Buckingham held a celebratory mass last Sunday, the 19th, to give thanks for the return King’s health and to pray for the souls of the Duke of York and all others killed in Leicester not under interdict. Many are saying the torrential rain experienced on the 19th and 20th reflects the sorrow of Creation at the Death of the Duke.

 

Bishops Chedworth of Lincoln and Hales of Coventry & Lichfield call upon good Christians all over England to give generously in aid of the homeless of Leicester.

 

 

The Scots Invasion

As the vile thieving hordes of Percy return north, impartial observers are wondering if they might not arrive too late. The Scots under King James II and the Earl of Huntly besiege Roxburgh and ride the Tweed with little opposition, sending pillagers deep into Northumberland.

The Bishop of Durham commented yesterday, “The situation could not be more perilous with almost the entire length of the Tweed overrun by the Scots. Messages smuggled at great risk out of Norham past the Earl of Huntly’s siege bombards indicate the garrison are within days of surrender. If these castles are lost, it may be decades before we can reclaim them. Some people are doing what they can but a few penny packets of men cannot hope to stave off a determined assault by many thousands of vicious Scots rievers while the moiety of our own men are far to the south in Leicester. Every hour, I await the news of castles falling.

The one piece of good news I have is that Lord Greystoke is alive and taking charge of the defences at Alnwick. I have heard some criticism of his decision to split his army, particularly in separating his cavalry and infantry. However, under the circumstances, facing overwhelming odds as he was, his only option was to employ some daring, and by implication risky, stratagem. That his stratagem did not work cannot be regarded as his fault; the risk was necessary. The blame for his defeat lies at the hands of those who have abandoned the responsibilities of their offices, leaving the rest of us vulnerable.”

 

 

Other Home News

Leicester is a ruin with a third of the town burned. The Duke of York’s body lay for a week in St. Mary’s Hospital close to the castle. Miraculously spared destruction, St. Mary’s was nonetheless looted and a mass for the Duke of York’s soul had to be celebrated with wooden utensils. It is thought one fifth of the townsfolk lie dead in the streets but the true death toll may never be known as most survivors fled and some may never return. It may be years before Leicester recovers.

Bishops Chedworth of Lincoln and Hales of Coventry & Lichfield remain to administer to the wounded and homeless and to oversee disposal of the bodies.

 

Incidents of violence and riot have subsided remarkably over the last ten days. The Home Counties are now quiet and the sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex are sweeping the Weald for bandits and outlaws but some hotspots remain in Cheshire, Cornwall, Gloucestershire and the north. Accusations of robbery and theft also follow Percy up the Great North Road.

 

The King was rumoured to have relapsed after the Duke of Norfolk summoned his doctors to Windsor. However, following his appearance today at Windsor, all such rumours would appear unfounded and the doctors are undoubtedly a mere precaution.

 

The secretary to Otto von Danzig, head of the Hanseatic League’s London Steelyard, has been released from the Tower of London on the orders of the Privy Council. It is understood the charges of ‘treason’ have been dropped as the secretary is a foreigner. Otto von Danzig commented, “The arrest of my secretary was never more than a crass attempt by the Duke of York to intimidate the Hanse.”

 

Lord Bolebec is appointed Keeper of the Tower in place of Sir John Bertram (née Ogle). It is believed candidates are also being considered to replace Sir Robert Ogle, Sir John’s cousin, and Sir William Oldhall as Keeper of the Privy Wardrobe and Steward of the Household, respectively.

 

Reliable witnesses say that after Margaret the fair maid of Stoke was executed at Leicester by the Duke of York, she is said to have cursed the Duke and “all the fruits of his loins”. It has been reported that her ghost has been seen gloating over the corpse of the Duke.

 

 

Foreign News

John Tiptoft Earl of Worcester took formal leave of the court of Duke Philip of Burgundy. The Duke professed his sorrow at the departure of ‘this illustrious crusader and profound scholar’, saying the Earl is always welcome at his court. The Earl expressed his own reluctance to leave, citing the culture and hospitality of Burgundy to be unparalleled anywhere in Europe and he should know having spent the last four years on a crusade to the Holy Land and touring southern Europe.

Duke Philip gave his departing guest gifts of an illustrated commentary on Aristotle and a jewel encrusted sword in token of the Earl’s command of the physical and mental spheres before bidding the Earl ‘bon voyage’.

The Earl of Worcester’s stated intention is to put his estates in order but he has served in government in the past and several commentators mark him for future office.

 

 

The Mechanisms of Government – The Privy Council

Modern government is personal; all authority stems from the King but it is neither right nor possible for the King to rule by himself. It is an established principal that he seek advice before making decisions or enacting legislation and that he delegates authority to officers who act in his name.

All the modern offices of government grew out of the Curia Regis, the Royal Court, that circle of people meeting in the presence or vicinity of the King. Originally, the King simply took the advice of his immediate courtiers, ordering individuals to enact his will on an ad hoc basis. However, in the 12th and 13th centuries, various offices left the Court and established themselves as permanent entities.

The modern body responsible for advising the King and acting as his principal executive arm left the Court in the 13th Century and immediately acquired executive powers during the long minority of Henry III. The body developed procedures and a manner of work until it became what we know today as the Privy Council, usually meeting in the Star Chamber at Westminster.

The Privy Council is composed of certain Crown officers: Chancellor, Treasurer, Privy Seal, Great Chamberlain, Earl Marshal, Lord Constable, Lord Admiral, Steward of the Household, Lord Chamberlain, Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster and Lord Chief Justice. Few of these will be in constant attendance but other attendees amount essentially to whoever the King asks for advice; typically a bishop or two, a few peers, lords and knights all valued for their wisdom and experience. Others may be drafted for special abilities, experience or influence. It is chaired by the President of the Council, who conveys the King’s will to the Council and the Council’s advice back to the King.

The Privy Council is essentially a talking shop where the issues of government are debated. Usually, members will be aware of the issues on the agenda and the Council is empowered to make routine administrative decisions.

For important matters, the King may choose to summon a selection of his magnates and peers to ‘afforce’ his Council. For great matters of state, such as the ratification of major treaties or Crown officers, he may summon all the peers of the realm as a ‘Great Council’. Finally, he may summon his peers and representatives of his common subjects as ‘Parliament’. This last only for the gravest matters of all or when he wishes to ask for a grant of taxation.

[Next issue: The Writing Offices]

 

 

Letters

Mr Caxton, Once again I read the reports of the destruction of Leicester and the death of the Duke of York. However this time it appears to be true! Although I never saw eye to eye with York, death is never a good thing for any one or any purpose.

However once again I have reports that the Duke in fact brought his own destruction on his own head. It was reported to me that York was prepared to take as many with him as possible, friends and foe alike. Even the Mayor of Leicester had surrendered, but York refused wanting to prolong the fight and cause as much death and destruction as possible.

I am sure My Lord Suffolk, Sir William Cornwall and Sir William Blount will confirm this. Although I cannot condone Percy's actions, I do feel that York was hell bent on causing his own death and the destruction of Leicester into the bargain. This final act of madness, which was unnecessary as a peaceful settlement had been reached.

Lastly I have been appointed to two Royal Commissions to look into certain acts and persons, by His Majesty, King Henry. In this I ask my Lords Essex and Warwick to open Gloucester castle and co-operate with me in the name of the Crown. I have asked the Abbot of Gloucester to mediate for me, I hope these Lords can see a sense of order has been restored now and a new beginning is at hand. Yours J Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury

 

Editor: Yes, the Earl of Shrewsbury has been appointed to a commission of Oyer and Terminer but reading through the copy given me two weeks ago, I notice Gloucestershire is conspicuous by its absence. Since my Lord is biting off so much, and Warwick too, I hope he’s good at chewing – or at least gets a good price for his charge.

 

 

To Master Caxton at His Press in the Vill of Westminster, Greeting. I hereby instruct you to print the full text of this letter in your broadsheet, mindful of the fact that the Privy Council has yet to decide upon the nature of such licences as may be required to own such a press in the future.

Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Northampton and Lord President of the Privy Council to all True Subjects of His Grace the Noble King Henry VI, greeting.

This day England has been delivered from months of faction and violent dispute, as Her Grace the Queen assumes her rightful place at His Grace the King's side.

I am sure that all true Englishmen will wish to rejoice at this news and to offer fervent prayers for the health and happiness of the Royal Family. As His Grace makes plain, there are to be no recriminations for the unwise actions on the part of certain persons in the weeks and months past, and the Privy Council gladly accepts His Grace's commandment to settle the disputes that have for too long marred certain regions of the kingdom.

However, as Lord President I wish also to express the seriousness with which the Privy Council regards any efforts on the part of any person of whatsoever degree to defy the terms of His Grace's late proclamation on the maintenance of armed and liveried companies. The Privy Council are of one mind that those who so despoil the kingdom and the King's poor subjects through the continued retaining of such companies can expect little mercy. The full range of customary and statutory penalties stand ready to sorely chastise those foolish enough to chance continued contempt of the Crown in this matter.

His Grace the King will remain at Windsor with the Royal Family and the Privy Council until further notice. Any true subject of England is warmly welcomed to bring any cause for dispute or complaint to the attention of the Privy Council with all haste, and, as His Grace has charged us, we shall endeavour to amend such troubles, not with partisan spite, but in accordance with the spirit of reason and equity that moves the True Governance.

Given under mine hand and seal this day, the 25th of April, at the King's castle at Windsor, Buckingham.

 

Editor: Licence? Bloody hell! They’ll be making me a guild, next! I assume that means his Grace is not in favour of a free press? Just keep Scandalum Magnate away from me.

 

 

Open letter to Council of England. My Lords I greet you – firstly an account of events at Leicester which I feel sure you will want to hear first hand and not by way of the gossips. My brother, Egremont, will, when he arrives in the capital, be able to furnish you with the details.

It was agreed through the offices of the Archbishop and the Bishops of Lincoln, Ely and Coventry & Lichfield that if Fauconberg failed to relieve Leicester then the Mayor would cede the town along with Suffolk and Sir William Blount. When Fauconberg failed I was informed by the noble prelates that if I permitted Suffolk and Blount to leave unmolested the Mayor would cede Leicester to my forces.

On the 14th, Blount, Sir Thomas Cornwall and the Duke of Suffolk left Leicester under my safe conducts – with the town denuded of fighting men, the Mayor capitulated but despite our honourable and fair behaviour on entering the Town, Viscount Carlisle was attacked by York and his remaining rabble, the resulting mayhem resulted in much damage to the town and the death of York. The actions are naturally regrettable but York, rather than face defeat, refused to surrender with honour and the result was his own death – the man was apparently insane at the end.

Moving on; once Hastings cedes Leicester Castle, I will immediately march north to put paid to Scots ambitions once and for all. I have already indicated to the Duke of Buckingham that I have a number of needs – namely that the Council without delay name me Warden of the North with permission to appoint at my own choosing two deputies for East and West. The salary for such a post should reflect the status and the pressing need to strengthen our northern border. In addition I wish for grants of Duchy of Lancaster Manors in the County of Northumberland to strengthen my ability to spend more on the fortifications along the border. I also remind the council that it is imperative for my men’s moral that the Church is reminded of the need for the ‘excommunications’ to be lifted with all speed. I remain Henry Earl of Northumberland etc.

 

Editor: Evidently Percy has never heard of the dictum to ‘never speak ill of the dead’; by this account, the destruction of Leicester and the killings, rapings and burnings that followed are all York’s fault, which is a relief as it would be terrible to think an earl would commit such atrocities – or stoop to blackmailing the Privy Council – and I’m sure York would corroborate Percy’s account, if only he we alive.

 

 

The Weather: Father Johannus Predicts - 67% Accuracy!

One word describes the weather since our last issue – ‘changeable’. The dry spell continued for a couple of days before a cold northerly brought showers on the 18th. The next two days saw heavy rain fall under southeasterlies but the 21st brought two days of fine, mild weather despite the wind backing to east. The last three days have alternated warm, southerly showers with a brisk and cool westerly breeze.

Accuracy this week was 30%. Father Johannus says, “Tomorrow’s weather will be just like today’s.”

 

 

Court & Social

His Grace the King continues to enjoy a welcome return to robust good health at Windsor, now rejoined by Her Grace the Queen. The King and Queen will remain at Windsor with the Royal Family and the Privy Council until further notice. Any true subject of England is warmly welcomed to bring any cause for dispute or complaint to the attention of the Privy Council at Windsor with all haste.

 

 

The Return of the Queen

The Duke of Norfolk met the Queen accompanied by the earls of Pembroke, Kendal and Shrewsbury a few miles from Windsor and with an honour guard of over 800 men-at-arms escorted her Grace through Windsor and into the castle.

All the lords present for the Privy Council mustered in the barbican courtyard to greet her Grace. The Duke of Buckingham enunciating a formal greeting, upon which the assembled choir of St. George’s Chapel broke into a spirited rendition of John Dunstable’s Agincourt hymn under the direction of the Dean of Windsor.

The Dukes of Norfolk and Buckingham then led the company into the courtyard of St. George’s Chapel where, under an awning to keep off the rain that persistently failed to mar the day, her Grace was formally reunited with her husband, the King.

Her Grace was dressed informally for the occasion in rich but plain satin and his Grace also dressed down in a plain blue gown but the young Prince Edward cut quite a dash in his new Italian-style armour, especially made on the continent with lavish engraving and gold inlay.

Upon seeing the Queen, his Grace wept with joy, embracing her Grace with both arms and kissing her profusely. She likewise gave token of her delight in returning to his side.

Turning to Prince Edward of Wales, his Grace greeted the prince formally remarking, “Oh! Haven’t you grown? Quite the little knight, now!” The young prince responding to his father’s kisses with the traditional response, “No Dad; people can see!”

The King and Queen seated themselves on thrones set on a dais while the assembled company assumed their seats upon the three sides of a square before them.

The King then addressed the company: “Our Lords, ladies and gentlemen gathered at Windsor Castle, We thank you for your presence. The lamb of peace is now in the Spring fields new born and vulnerable. We would ask all present here to seek moderation in word and deed such that harmony hath the chance to thrive. England's garden grows its great families whose long branches hold many different blooms whose fragrances and hues are, by the bless'd design of God, beautiful, sweet and unique. We should all benefit if they be not pluck'd too soon and if instead they are nurtured as by a tender steward. Like any garden's, England's borders should be kept safe from pests who would seek to despoil it and the weeds of rancour which would strive to choke its life. Let us all join as one to maintain this peace that has begun.”

To this, the Queen added in her own words: “Now that King and Queen are reunited, let the country be joined together also: men of the north and south; England and Wales, in earnest union, together without rancour. It is accordant with God's commandments and nature's laws that husband and wife should be as one. Harmony at the head of the nation shall surely bring concord to the body politic also. In such accord shall England's strength be found and glories grow up from this bless'd ground.”

Lord Chancellor Bishop Neville of Exeter then preached a solemn sermon to the company on the sanctity of kingship based on the First Epistle of Peter, chapter II, verses 16/17, “As free, and not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, but as the servants of God. Honour all men. Love the Brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the King.”

Public greetings over, the Court retired to continue festivities in the castle. Public revelries have continued after dark and do not look to stop before dawn.

 

A Royal Proclamation (below) is being distributed by special couriers by order of the Privy Council.

 

Heralds have refused to confirm whether the King and Queen will be holding a formal celebratory banquet but it is understood that such an event is planned and celebrations are expected across the land in the next week.

 

 

Royal Proclamation

By Order of the Privy Council, the following intelligence is to be broadcast in every street, and copies of this broadsheet are to be posted on every market cross and church door in England, Wales and the Pale of Ireland.

 

I, Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Duke of Aquitaine, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Lancaster, etc, etc, wish it known that on this day, the 25th of April in the year 1461, We were joyously re-united with Her Grace the Queen and His Grace the Prince of Wales. Further, We wish it known that before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal gathered at Our castle at Windsor, We have reaffirmed the great love We hold for Our family, Our realm and Our good and loyal subjects. We earnestly desire that the previous dissensions and strifes that have wracked Our kingdom shall be resolved with amity and love as befits our Christian duty, and that grievances too long held shall be resolved with the gracious aid of our chief counsellors.

Moreover, we wish it to be known that, while We bear no malice nor ill will to those lately implicated in the creation and sustaining of the unlawful so-called 'Protectorate', We can not and shall not tolerate the continued raising and maintaining of armed companies in defiance of Our late proclamation, and We hereby give notice that our Privy Council shall be ruthless in the suppression of such companies and the punishment of those who defy us in this wise. All subjects that love Us are hereby enjoined and, with stern fatherly love, commanded to obey Our chief counsellors and render unto them all assistance that they shall require in returning this Our realm to a peaceable condition.

H. Rex.

 

Writs under the Privy Seal have been issued to all sheriffs and other Crown officers empowering and abjuring them to enforce recent Privy Council guidelines on retinues.

 

 

Appointments

Lord Bolebec becomes Keeper of the Tower of London, replacing the recently arrested Sir John Ogle.

Other appointments to be announced in the near future pending discussion in Privy Council.

 

The Earl of Warwick and Sir John Ogle are reported to be under arrest in Gloucester.

 

 

Births, marriages & deaths

Born April 21st to Sir George and Margaret de Vere, a daughter.

Born April 24th to Sir David and Mary Owen, a son, Henry. Henry is heir to his mother’s share of the de Bohun estate and his father is half-brother to the Earl of Pembroke.

 

(Jackanory Ester’s column will be back next issue.)

 

 

 

Obituary Richard Duke of York

Born 1411 to the Earl of Cambridge, grandson of the Duke of York, and great-grandson to Edward III, Richard became a ward of King Henry V when Cambridge was beheaded for treason on the eve of the Agincourt campaign in 1415. Within weeks, his uncle’s death at Agincourt made him heir to the vast estates of the Duchy of York and in 1425, Ralph Neville Earl of Westmorland bought his wardship.

Richard was knighted in 1426. Despite his father’s attainder, he was summoned to Court as Duke of York in 1428, serving as Constable of England at a trial by combat at Smithfield. He escorted Henry VI to France for his coronation as King of France and remained abroad for two years.

In 1432 he was rewarded with livery of his estates and titles. He was now the richest man in the realm with lands in almost every county, titled Duke of York, Earl of March, Rutland, Cambridge and Ulster. He served in the 1434 Great Council at Westminster and in 1436 replaced the late Duke of Bedford as Lieutenant General in France, resigning a year later due to non-payment of wages for himself and his troops. In 1438, the Privy Council pawned the Crown Jewels to pay him. Also in 1438, he married Cecily Neville, his warden’s daughter and sister to the late Earl of Salisbury.

In 1440 he returned to France as Lieutenant General, staying for five years. In 1443 he concluded a peace with the French only to see it destroyed and Brittany alienated by the incompetence of John Duke of Somerset with troops and cash intended for York. In 1445, he escorted Queen Margaret from Anjou to the Channel before his recall later that year.

In 1447, he was exiled to Ireland as Lieutenant, his demands for payment embarrassing the Court. He delayed departure as long as possible but was forced to go in 1449. In Ireland he acquitted himself well, becoming the most popular and successful Lieutenant in over a century but remained in bitter dispute with the government over debts owed to him.

In desperation, he returned in 1450 and marched on London, breaking into the King's chamber to demand an audience over his expenses. The King granted him his demands but in 1452 York was again in arms, this time with the late Earl of Devon though both were reconciled to the King at Dartford.

The King's madness led to York's first protectorate in 1454. York replaced the Court faction in government with the Neville earls of Warwick and Salisbury and John Tiptoft Earl of Worcester, arresting the Duke of Exeter (his son-in-law), the Duke of Somerset and the late Lord Egremont for breaking the King's peace when they rebelled.

The Court backlash after Henry's recovery pushed York and the Nevilles into open warfare, York regaining ascendancy at St. Albans.

Many of the more moderate Court adherents worked openly with him and when the King relapsed, York again became Protector but in 1456, the King's recovery again displaced him. In 1457 he was reappointed Lieutenant of Ireland. At ‘Loveday’ in 1458, York was paired with the Queen after paying compensation for those killed at St. Albans but in 1459, the Court's machinations drove York and the Nevilles into war once more. The fiasco of Ludford Bridge forced York to flee to Ireland but he returned in 1460 to win a decisive victory over the Court at Melton Mowbray.

Despite oaths to uphold ‘Good Governance’, York eschewed recognised constitutional procedure, refusing to use the Privy Council. Despite reducing Crown debts, murmurs of tyranny spread and to calm his critics he called a Privy Council to Windsor in the New Year. Far from restoring faith in his government, York’s clumsy attempt to arrest the Earl of Oxford provoked outrage among his peers. As the crisis deepened, York assumed the office of Lord Protector for the third time but his action provoked Percy to attempt his removal by force. York went to Leicester to oppose him but was killed when Percy’s men took the town by force.

 

 

 

Court Gossip

Earl of Essex: "Father, is the Pope infallible?"

Confessor: "Of course my son! Why do you doubt?"

Essex: "It's just that even God made Warwick."

 

“From the keep came a scream heard for miles

In Gloucester it raised a few smiles

Said Talbot ‘I'll warrant and wager 10 Florins

Warwick's forgotten that Essex has piles’

 - attributed to Godwin of Gloucester, jester to the Duke of Somerset.

 

“George! Don’t do that!” The Queen to Bishop Neville.

 

 

What the other papers say

“Plenty of opportunities for the lowest in the land to advance themselves” – according to ‘What Pillage’ magazine. The ‘pickings of Leicester’ are said to be the best on the market since the wars in France. The magazine’s editor, Wat Pillage, is said to be offering a special deal to take readers on a ‘Bawdy Tour’ of Newcastle.

 

A new magazine ‘Margaret’ is launched this month in North Wales. Backed by important overseas investors, the new title will feature articles about the Noble Art of Entertaining in Style, Furnishings and keeping abreast of continental fashion. ‘England is still in the 14th Century’ says the magazine’s editor Lady Isabella de Gaulois. It also includes an article about what to do if your husband has lost his marbles (‘take control’).

For

One Man and His Lance regrets the passing of the Duke of York. “The Smithfield Tourney was one of the best in England. We trust the new Government organises a reconciliation Tournament. A mutual metal bashing in the name of entertainment will give this Kingdom a real tonic.”

 

Cock and Bull Magazine - latest reports of the bear baiting from Gloucester, bear ‘Dastardly Dick’ much fancied in ragged showing against "Young Talbot Pack".

 

Courtly Love’s editor, Anna de Wintour, informs her readers the Earl of Rutland’s ‘Night Time Hints for Lusty Young Knaves’ is dropped for a new feature ‘What I did On My Foreign Holidays’ by the Prince of Wales - said to be ghosted by Lord Egremont (rumoured soon to be Duke of Exeter).

 

In contrast, ‘My Liege’ magazine has seen a number of staff ‘axed’ by the owner - editor Dickon ‘Dodgy’ Desmond. There are rumours that those who are to face the chop for ‘aggravated treason’ include the magazine’s illustrator who was discovered drawing a picture of the Duke of York being crowned King Richard III at Westminster Abbey.

 

The famous Tyburn Calendar and its more upmarket Capital & Treason are expecting plenty of new exciting trials and executions following the death of the Duke of York. “We expect to see at least a few Gents having their entrails burnt before their eyes” boasts the publisher Martin Boils, “and plenty dancing the jig at Tyburn. I am sure our readers can’t wait to read these stories. We print everything Westminster Chronicle refuses to use.”

 

 

Classified Advertisements

For Sale!

Ballads: ‘More Crusading Ballads for Lost Northerners’, ‘Planty’s Noggin Went a Bouncing’, ‘I’m the Sharpest Sword in the Scabbard’ and ‘Rivers In Deep, Mowbray on High’ available. ‘Call Me Lord Buckaroo’ and ‘I was Lost in France’ are withdrawn due to political circumstances. ‘The Beaufort Bangle Jangle’ and ‘Doctor Bourchier Went to Gloucester’ are also withdrawn as no one can sing the tunes.

 

Lewd drawings: Queen Margaret, King of France and Pope available. Discretion promised. PO Box 392

 

Paston’s Pies: hard baked, double as missiles. PO Box 10

 

Privy Council Collectible Peer Set: to celebrate the Council at Windsor, a London-based miniature modeller is crafting a special set of 3” figurines depicting all major players in high-quality, hand-finished pewter. Queen Margaret a rarity!

 

Hanse Trading License: worth its weight in gold. Join the Guild and ensure your goods are delivered on time. Box 780

 

Sack of ‘King Henry’ wool on offer. First takers will also receive bottle of Anjou Rose wine. Box 230

 

Talbot Tokens: pledge ‘for Margaret’ on face and ‘for York’ on reverse. Will be collectable so get yours now! PO Box 392

 

Clearance Sale! Everything to go! Clothing monogrammed with personalised ‘Plantagenet Rex’, figurines of now dead Yorkists! Portraits of former Duke of York posing with crown! Guaranteed collector's items; some with seal of authenticity! Knock-down prices!

 

Jerkins, Tabards, and other miscellaneous items, war surplus goods. All must go. Box 490 for catalogue.

 

Books

‘Yes, Lord Protector! - The unauthorised biography of Sir Humphrey Stafford, charting his rise from immensely wealthy Buckingham landowner to Most Powerful Man in the Kingdom! PO Box 333, London. Price 17 groats.

 

‘How To Win Friends and Influence People’ - well thumbed, some pages heavily marked. Apply estate of Duke of York.

 

Wanted!

Beautiful titled Lady seeks dashing Knight to rescue her from Red Dragons and other assorted beasties. Must send recent illustration or woodcut to guarantee reply. No time wasters, wastrels or someone who hasn’t washed since St. Crispin’s day need apply. Box 901

 

Iron Shovel: to dig hole and bury valuables whilst current crisis continues, Box 1202.

 

 

Announcements.

‘Putting the 'king' in Buckingham’ - a satirical comedy about our new Lord Protector, on show for this week only, before it is closed down by the newly-instituted Royal Committee for Civil Co-Operation.

 

Many heirs expected to be available following recent events. Apply to the Westminster Chronicle. [No don’t! – editor]

 

At the Southwark Fleapit, a largely Yorkist audience drove the Red Rose Ensemble production ‘Death of a Traitor’ off the stage by to be replaced by ‘Knowest Not I am a Neville?’

 

The inn ‘The Lord Northumberland’ in Bristol has changed its name to ‘The Saracen’s Friend’, but will keep the same sign so not to confuse customers.

 

Win A Peer for a Night! A charity auction at which you can bid for an evening with one of the country's most eligible young nobles! Rumours say the Prince of Wales is up for auction, so take note, ambitious Yorkists.

 

The Westminster Chronicle requires columnists – apply Ed.

 

 

Campaign Matters

Orders were pretty lackadaisical this time round; I had to bully almost half of you (which I hate) and that’s not a criticism I’ve had to make for some time, now. Getting your orders in on the deadline really does help me keep the turnarounds to a minimum.

For those new(ish) to Rosewar who may not have heard this before and for those of you who seem to have forgotten; when writing your orders, read your results. It also helps if you at least look at the map and measure off distances, even using your thumb. Believe me, I can tell who doesn’t.

If you want to communicate to another PC, please go direct. There’s a contact sheet on the back of every issue of the Westminster Chronicle so you’ve no excuses. If you can’t find the latest copy and someone’s moved (it seems at least one of you moves every turn) then you can always call me. If you don’t like phone or e-mail, you can include a letter with your orders and I’ll post it on with your results.

OK, gripes over! I must say, despite niggling problems with orders, I found turn 23 much easier than #22. It was also truly fascinating. I think the game has reached maturity as the action is suddenly very political, centring on Windsor and the Privy Council. I’m sure next turn will be even better.

Speaking of the Privy Council, I have discussed this with some of you already but I think it’s a good idea to make it clear to all now that almost half of you will be represented on the Privy Council next turn. The Privy Council is where most of the governmental business of Rosewar is carried out (see the column to the left).

Having spent this turn juggling a lot of paperwork, trying to work out if each writ sent in as orders gets sent out or not, I think we shall now make it a formal protocol that the Privy Council will, unless it is a very special case, debate a matter in one or more turns and only issue an official writ, press statement or act the turn after action is agreed. I’m quite happy if debates take more than one turn, government administration is slow and the medieval English bureaucracy was not known for its efficiency. If you really want to speed things up, I recommend all Privy Councillors chatting to each other about what they want to discuss and their views so they can put their comments in their orders. Three of you did that this turn and I think they can all see the benefits.

 

 

General Chat

Well the good news is that Claire has got her PhD. Keele University took its own sweet time in telling us and put us through all sorts of bureaucratic obstacle courses but the upshot is she becomes Dr Stevens the first week in July. I always knew she’d do it and I’m very proud of her.

News less good: Aynsley China made me redundant last week. This is, of course, why your results are going out so early; I’ve spent the last week and a half working hard on something I thought would be spread over several weekends. Well it’s an ill wind and all that and I am getting a thousand pounds of redundancy money but I’m sorry to go. The wages were poor but the people were wonderful and I’ll miss them. Once Rosewar’s in the post, I’ll have nothing to do so I hope I’m back at work soon, certainly before the next deadline. If anyone out there knows of a good job in the Lake District for a customer services person, please drop me a line.

Before unemployment struck out of the blue, the year was going well. We had a great Christmas and got to see both ‘Lord of the Rings’ and ‘Harry Potter’. I’m not surprised ‘Lord of the Rings’ won five BAFTAs, including best picture; it’s magnificent. ‘Harry Potter’ is a very different sort of film and it’s a pity in my opinion that it came out at the same time as the other but then the next two Christmases are going to be pretty torrid for all new films until Tolkien’s epic has run its course.

As a Christmas present from our in-laws, we’ve now got membership of the National Trust as well as English Heritage. Truly awesome! This means we’ll have free entry to more than twice the number of properties and already we’re planning an excursion into North Wales for my birthday and a summer tour of Devon and Cornwall.

Unfortunately, most National Trust properties are shut until the weekend before Easter but we took the chance to visit Bramall Hall when we were in Stockport for a dinner party last weekend. Bramall Hall is one of those country houses that grew up over centuries. The oldest part dates from the 13th Century with most of the rest of the building constructed over the next 400 years. It belonged to the Davenports for most of this time, who were hereditary Grand Sergeants of Macclesfield Forest – so there! It was extensively rebuilt by a new owner in the late 19th Century but he was sensitive to the original architecture and the house remains superb. The servants' quarters fascinated Claire while the highlight for me was the ‘ballroom’ with medieval wall paintings.

 

Next Deadline

The deadline for turn 24 orders is March 28th 2002.

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